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Lumen, formerly Chilling Effects, is a collaborative archive created by Wendy Seltzer and founded along with several law school clinics and the Electronic Frontier Foundation to protect lawful online activity from legal threats. Its website, ''Chilling Effects Clearinghouse'', allows recipients of cease-and-desist notices to submit them to the site and receive information about their legal rights and responsibilities. ==Inception== The archive was founded in 2001 by Internet activists who were concerned that the unregulated private practice of sending cease-and-desist letters seemed to be increasing and was having an unstudied, but potentially significant, "chilling effect" on speech.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 Chilling Effects )〕 The archive got a boost when Google began submitting its notices in 2002. Google began to do so in response to the publicity generated when the Church of Scientology convinced Google to remove references and links to an anti-Scientology web site, Operation Clambake, in April 2002. The incident inspired vocal Internet users and groups to complain to Google, and the links to the Clambake site were restored. Google subsequently began to contribute its notices to Chilling Effects, archiving the Scientology complaints and linking to the archive.〔〔Don Marti, "(Google Begins Making DMCA Takedowns Public )", ''Linux Journal'' (2002/4/12) (describing Google's response to the Scientologists and subsequent decision to contribute to ChillingEffects.org).〕 Since 2002, researchers have been using the clearinghouse to study the use of cease-and-desist letters, primarily looking at Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) 512 takedown notices, non-DMCA copyright issues, and trademark claims.〔J. Urban & L. Quilter, "Efficient Process or 'Chilling Effects'? Takedown Notices Under Section 512 of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act," ''Santa Clara Computer & High Technology Law Journal'' (March 2006)〕〔("Will Fair Use Survive? Free Expression in the Age of Copyright Control" (2005). (PDF) ) Free Expression Policy Project〕 On November 2, 2015, Chilling Effects announced its renaming to Lumen, effective immediately.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 Chilling Effects Announces New Name, International Partnerships )〕 At the same time, it announced a number of international partnerships. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Lumen (website)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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